Embryonic Groundwork of Histological Architecture and Implication on Physiology: Developmental Physiological Integration: A Review

Abstract

During embryogenesis, the structural organization of tissues in the human body can be essentially specified, with the use of the most coordinated cell specification, morphogenesis, and spatial patterning. The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm that make up the developmental blueprint of all tissues and organ systems. At the microscopic and macroscopic level, the tissue architecture is shaped by early molecular gradients, epigenetic programming and biomechanical forces, which are structural prerequisites for physiological specialization. This review discusses in detail the developmental basis of tissue architecture and critically examines the role of developmental patterning in shaping adult physiological function. Specific attention is given to specification of germ layer, signaling networks, epithelial such as mesenchymal interactions, organogenesis, vascularization, and neurofunctional integration. Moreover, the translational uses of developmental biology in congenital pathology, regenerative medicine, and systems physiology are addressed. Knowledge of the developmental determinants of the tissue structure provides a coherent structure that connects embryology, histology, physiology and clinical medicine.